Aworldwide assessment of health hazards associated with pesticide pollution in rice-centric farming systems.

Abstract

In most Asian countries, rice is one of the most widely cultivated crops and a fundamental part of the diet. The excessive
use of pesticides in rice cultivation has raised concerns about possible health risks for individuals. Limited research exists
about pesticide contamination in rice crops and the associated risk evaluation from rice consumption, even though pesticide
toxicity in agricultural soils constitutes a significant worldwide issue. An exhaustive evaluation of the risk assessment about
pesticide exposure via rice intake has been conducted to address this deficiency. This review encapsulates: (1) pesticide
pollution in rice grains and agricultural soils; (2) evaluation of pesticide risks to human health via rice consumption; and (3)
strategies to mitigate their harmful impacts. This research examines pesticide pollution in various rice-cultivating areas
worldwide, its related health effects, and strategies for reduction. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using
the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The findings of the research indicated that the primary sources of pesticide
pollution in agricultural soil stem from both present and historical pesticide use. In comparison to other isomers of
organochlorine pesticides, DDTs and HCHs are more prevalent in rice grains and agricultural soil. The elevated levels of
DDT are likely attributable to farmers' lack of knowledge or unauthorized use of these inexpensive and efficient pesticides
in rice paddies. Employing natural and biopesticides, promoting organic agriculture, applying pesticides judiciously, and
effectively implementing and revising pesticide legislation are all strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of pesticides.
Key points of the article DDTs and HCHs are prevalent pesticides found in rice grains and agricultural soil. •
Notwithstanding bans, DDT and HCH persist owing to illicit application and environmental durability. • Emphasizing the
immediate need for governmental measures to eliminate OCPs is a practical recommendation.